Glossary of Definitions

Stereotype - A set idea about a certain group, place or thing that is widely believed.
Archetype - Somebody who is an example of a stereotype.

Mise en scene - everything that's in the scene.
Verisimilitude - How believable the scene is.
Convention - What we expect to see in a certain genre or medium
Medium - Which form of media it is e.g. a film, a television show, a magazine.
Diegetic sound - Sound that you can see the source of, or the source of is implied to be there.
Non - Diegetic sound - Sound that is not taking place in the scene e.g. a voiceover, music that have been added in after the scene
Purpose - What the main aim is for the media text e.g. to entertain
Tone - the mood of the media text e.g. informal, formal, humorous.
Synergy - The interaction or co-operation of two or more organisation
Production - Anything to do with the making of the film, including any post production.
Distribution - The way the film gets to the screens, via a distribution company
Marketing - Process of making awareness of a project's release - advertising
Exhibition - The way we view; getting the film to a viewing audience
Conglomerate - A company that owns several other companies
Cross media ownership - The ownership of multiple of multiple media businesses by a person or corporation
Media ownership - dominated by 6 big media corporations
Indie movies - movies produced by production companies apart from the big 6
Synergy - The interaction of two or more forces together makes a greater effect than the sum of their individual efforts.
Horizontal Integration - An arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company
Horizontal integration -
A media franchise is a collection of media in which several derivative works have been produced from the original works of the media
Media convergence - The combing of two or more mediums
Proliferation -
Technological Convergence - When one particular device has many features other than its primary use

The importance of Regional identity - Doc Martin

Recognise the importance of Regional Identity in TV dramas

The people in this clip are mostly from Cornwall, where this show is set. There is also Doc Martin, who creates a contrasting regional identity by being from London. The characters from Cornwall are an Archetype of people from Cornwall, as Doc Martin is an Archetype of people demo South London.

As soon as the video starts, we can tell that they are from Cornwall. We can tell by their accents. Also, they have certain slang, which is very regional e.g. Bodmin, meaning mad. They are shown to be very different in personality to Doc Martin, as they are much more relaxed. When the leak happens, Doc Martin is rushing around trying to fix the leak, they seem relaxed about it and don't bother using and panicking like he does. Their regional identity is also presented by their lifestyle. The house he is in at the beginning is disorganised, and there are people running in their house as well as a dog, which shows that their life is very disorganised, and perhaps that they are not very educated.

The characters in the opening scene are wearing blue jumpsuits, which symbolises that their job is something to do with manual labour, therefore identifying them as working class. We can also deduce from Doc Martin's clothes that he is from a professional job and most likely from around London, as he is wearing formal shirt and trousers, and a long coat. The way they speak is less sophisticated than those from the south, and recognised by Doc Martin, who says to one of them "treat yourself to a noun." There is a sense of Hierarchy shown, which is based on regional identity. Doc Martin has power over them in this scene, as he is yelling orders. Also, they are sitting down and he is standing up. This Hierarchy is based around the fact that he is southern and we can assume that he is more educated than them, therefore he takes charge.

This clip portrays people from this region mostly in a bad light. They are shown to be ignorant to certain facts and other viewpoints other than their own. This is shown when the two men in boiler suits are talking about what Bodmin means and about Bodmin moor. The older one is trying to explain it and mentions that Doc Martin wouldn't get it. He is implying that because he is from London and it is a West Country term, his regional identity will restrict his understanding of the term. Then, when his son starts talking about Bodmin Moor and going into Psychological detail about how the moor is a Gothic symbol of fear, the older man tells him that he is talking nonsense, and that Doc Martin is not interested  in it. This presents him as ignorant to other people's opinions, and also presents those from Cornwall as narrow minded and having a strict view of how things should be.

The editing has been used to help create a sense of regional identity. For example, when he is the house, there are more frequent camera cuts than there are in the rest of the show, and the frequency increases when the leak starts and the dog and the woman come in. This helps create a sense of their lifestyle being disorganised and very different to the lifestyle of Doc Martin, who is a representation of a South-Eastern city lifestyle.

The camera work also helps create a sense of regional identity. For example, when He walks down the street, it will pull focus to show some of the locals walking around the shops they are working in. This creates a contrast between Doc Martin and the Locals way of life. When he is in the house at the beginning, and more people start coming in, there are camera cuts each time a new person enters and it cuts to them when they are talking. We get the effect of lots of people talking in rapid succession and lots of camera cuts showing this, which presents the characters as being from the West country as it creates a sense of disorganisation in their house.
  
Props have also been used to create a sense of regional identity. For example, when he enters the house with the two plumbers, one is seen eating a sandwich

                                    

Target Audience

Here is a table of the different audience types based upon income bracket and status.

The income bracket and status for this would be very flexible. I would say it lies between Brackets D-B.
I would guess that the age bracket for this would somewhere around 14-40.
This would be marketed towards both genders, and generally any race, though a large amount of the audience will be Indian.
The Location for this film is India as it is a Bollywood film.

Regional Identity and Regional Stereotypes

Regional Identity is defined as somebody's identity based upon what region they are from. This is often shown in television and Films, in which characters are represented as having characteristics typical to the region they are from. Here are some examples of regional stereotypes.

Scots are angry

Drink a lot - often drunk.

Eat a lot

Like Haggis

Hate the English

Hate the UK government

Wear Kilts

Play Bagpipes

Patriotic

Foul Mouthed - Swear a lot

Believe the Loch Ness Monster exists

Red/ginger hair

Highland games happen a lot.

There are sheep everywhere in Scotland

Always talk about freedom.

Northerners

Gravy and chips

Farming

Enjoy rural surrounding

Working class

Southerns

Upper/ middle class - posh

Area is more expensive

Heavy on tourism

Classy

The centre of culture

Rich

Clever

Essex

Teen Moms

Stupid

knifing/ mugging

heavy make up 

Orange fake tan

Gossip

Partying

English

Tea 

Polite

Complain about weather

FIsh and chips

Roast Dinner 

Patriotic

Posh

Football

Beer

Living in London

Irish

Heavy Drinkers

Eat/ love potatoes

Leprechauns

Pot of Gold at the end of the rainbow

Aggressive 

Very Religious

Gypsies

Devon/Somerset

Countryside

Farming

Cider

Slow 

Talk slow

Liverpool

Scouse

Rollers in hair

Women have overdrawn eye brows

The Beatles

Chavs

Fake Designer clothes 

poor

criminals

Yorkshire

Hills

Countryside

old fashioned 

boring

Adele - Hello - Barthes' codes

Adele - Hello from Reece Hack

Crime Drama Luther

 The T.V show Luther can have Propp's character theory applied to it, to an extent.  We can say that Luther is the hero as he is the protagonist and the one in charge of stopping the criminals. However, he is an anti hero as he has dark qualities such as extreme aggression and he is not afraid to break the rules.  DS Emma Lane can fit under the role of the helper, as she is the one who is aiding Luther in catching the criminal.  The villain in these particular episodes is Steven, as he is the one committing the murders which they have to stop. However, there are some character roles from the theory missing, such as the princess and the false hero.

Todrov's Equilibrium theory could be applied to these two episodes. It begins in a state of equilibrium, then there is a disequilibrium for John Luther in the form of Alice's murder. There is soon a realisation of this disequilibrium, when Luther finds out that Alice is died and that a serial killer is at loose. Next, there is an attempt to repair the problem, when he rejoins the police to try and catch the killer. When the killer is eventually apprehended, equilibrium is  restored.

There are two establishing shots of a city and of some cliffs. 

At the beginning, parts of the enigma code are shown. A woman has a pigeon fly into her house and die, which is a mystery and is not explained. A man then enters her house, who she assumes is her husband until he pulls out a knife and kills her. This is another enigma, as we don't know who he is or why he is doing it. The camera cuts as he runs at her, and then you hear her scream, which helps create the enigma of whether she died or not, until it is later revealed that she has.

There are elements of the symbolic code in the crime scenes, which show very plain white and grey background colours, contrasted by lots of deep red blood. The red blood symbolises the violent scenes that happened before. This code is also used in Luther's cell room, as the walls are peeling and old, which helps represent what the cell is used for, and also that he doesn't use it very often.

There is a tracking shot as Luther's boss walks down a corridor following bloody marks, which helps build tension up to when he opens the fridge and the bomb hidden in it explodes.

Some parts of the enigma code throughout is why Alice Morgan was killed and why Steven Rose is killing people.

When a Luther notices two men on a motorcycle are following, this is an examples of part of an action code, as this scene implies that there is going to be a fight or some sort chase scene involving Luther and the two men.  A few minutes later, a boy comes home from his job to check on his parents. He begins to call their names all around the house; this is an action code as this implies that something is happened to them, and that somebody else is in their house who he will find. The music, which is tense and sounds ominous, helps to create this code. Later, when Steven is shown with the people he kidnapped, the building he has taken them to is derelict. It is very grey and contains lots of broken furniture and things smashed all around. This is use of the semantic code, as the setting connotes death and decay. There is then a shot of Steven sharpening his blade, and crying and screaming in the background. This is use of the action code, as this implies that there is going to be a murder or an attempt at a murder.

Youth Representation in Quadrophenia

The film Quadrophenia is a useful media text for looking at youth theories. It presents many of the theories of youth being delinquent as well as youth being fun.

The film opens to Jimmy, the protagonist, riding a scooter through the streets of London. This can been seen as support Hebdige’s theory of Youth being presented as either fun or troublemaking, as he looks very happy to be able to ride around freely, and he is not being presented as law breaking or delinquent. This is quickly contrasted by a group of rockers being shown, who approach him on their motorcycles and begin taunting him for riding a scooter and belonging to the mod culture. This supports Hebdige’s theory of youth being presented as trouble making. The music in this scene suggests rejecting hegemony, as the lyrics read “can you see the real me, mother?” which suggests being different and belonging to a subculture to reject the cultural norms.

A few minutes later in the film, his bedroom is shown, and it has sexual pictures of women on the walls. This means he fits into the youth stereotype of being sexual, which is one of the six youth stereotypes theorised in 1999 by Ann Gould. It is also shown when they go to a party that the men are referring to the women as objects, as one of the characters says to Jimmy “Anything you fancy?” which further puts the youth into the stereotype of being sexual. Some Marxist theorists like Althusser would say that this piece of media is an example of Ideological state apparatus, because it presents youth in a bad way to try and create a moral panic within the public about youth.

Jimmy is seen trampling the garden of the house he’s at for a party while his friend cheers him on. This makes Jimmy fit into the stereotype of Youth being rebellious, as theorised by Gould. When talking to his Rocker friend later, who says that mods and rockers are really not very different, Jimmy says that he doesn’t want to be the same as everybody else, which is why he’s a rocker. This supports Hebdige’s theory of Youth opposing Hegemony through style, as he is saying that through being a mod he can be different than what the norm is.

 A few minutes later, they are all in a cafe and are told to leave because they are causing too much noise. When they are told to leave the do but shout at the person who told them to leave while they do and cause more disruption. This shows that they are being presented as Gould’s Stereotype of being rebellious and Hebdige’s theory of youth being presented as trouble makers.

After one of the mods is attacked by rockers, they all go out to attack the rockers who did it which results in a street fight. This scene can be seen as supporting Hebdige and Gould’s theories. There are some more scenes in the next few minutes, which show conflict between mods and rockers and support these theories, as well as a scene when they break into a pharmacy to steal recreational drugs.

When all of the mods gather at Brighton, it shows support of Gould’s stereotype of Youth being an artificial tribe, as they are all united and sticking together. This is further shown when they begins to attack the rockers in the cafe, and after begin chanting “we are the mods”.

The whole scene of the mods fighting the rockers, chanting, destroying things and running from the police, supports Gould’s theory of youth being represented as Rebellious and Hebdige’s theory. Jimmy and Steph’s sexual encounter during the midst of this characterises the Youth as sexual as well as Rebellious. 

Jimmy is shown to get increasingly rebellious after this scene, as he leaves his job after shouting at his manager. At the end of the film, it is assumed that he drives a scooter, which he steals, off a cliff, which means he conforms to the stereotype of youth being self destructive.

I believe that the representation of youth in this media text is not fair, as these only centres around then mods and rockers scene, which was a very rebellious culture. However, there would have been lots of youth at the time when this film is set that were not involved in this scene at all. Additionally, this film can be seen as ideological state apparatus to trick the public into a moral panic surrounding youth.

Youth Theories

 Cultural Hegemony is defined as domination over a culturally diverse society by a ruling class.
Hebdige states that youth can be either represented as fun or as trouble making.
He also states the youth resist hegemony through style, as shown by groups such as Punks or mods.  The idea of Hegemony was developed by Gramsci, an Italian Marxist political thinker, who was interested in how one social class is able to dominate society.

Another theorist who looks at youth representation is Acland. Acland  thinks that the repetitive nature of television means television will change how people see the world over time, which he calls Cultivation  theory. He says that Hegemony is maintained through media representations of youth.

Ann Gould - Six stereotypes of youth
Rebellious
Artificial Tribe
Sexual
Nihilistic
Violent
Self Destructive



Cohen believes that media representations of youth are designed to create a moral panic among the public.
Althusser is another Marxist theorist who states that dominant ideologies are reinforced using ideological state apparatuses such as the media.